If you are among those living with Crohn’s disease, you’re likely all too aware of the persistent fatigue, stomach discomfort, and frequent diarrhea linked to this condition. Crohn’s is classified as an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation and damage throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as noted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

While Crohn’s disease is chronic, modern medicine offers a wide range of effective treatments that can alleviate symptoms and lower the chance of severe complications. Here’s what experts want you to understand about managing this long-term condition.

Understanding Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease is one of the forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It can inflame any segment or layer of the intestines, though it most commonly impacts where the small intestine meets the colon, as outlined by the Mayo Clinic. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications in the small intestine, which is narrower compared to other parts of the GI tract, warns Dr. Gil Melmed, MD, a leading specialist in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Research at Cedars-Sinai.

The precise origins of Crohn’s disease remain largely unclear. Experts believe it’s likely a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers, according to Melmed. Emerging studies are also exploring how the body’s microbiome relates to susceptibility to IBD, as reported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

The Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation lists several factors that may provoke a flare-up, including:

• Not taking prescribed medication for Crohn’s
• Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Taking antibiotics
• Having a GI tract infection
• Smoking

Impacts of Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, the two primary types of IBD, exhibit many similar symptoms. Common signs of IBD include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea, and weight loss, according to the CDC. However, Crohn’s can present specific symptoms not typically found in ulcerative colitis:

• Non-bloody diarrhea
• Malnutrition issues
• Sores in the mouth

Individuals with Crohn’s disease face an increased risk of other health issues, such as ulcers or anal fissures. Additionally, Crohn’s may elevate the chances of developing anemia, blood clots, and certain types of colon cancer, as identified by the Cleveland Clinic.

Consequences of untreated Crohn’s disease

Failing to treat Crohn’s disease can lead to serious complications, including fistulas. This condition arises when an untreated ulcer breaks through the bowel wall, forming an abnormal connection to another part of the body, explains Melmed. Fistulas can also lead to an abscess, an abdominal infection that may result in severe illness, often requiring surgical intervention.

Bowel obstruction is another risk associated with untreated Crohn’s. Continuous inflammation can cause scar tissue to develop in the intestines, according to Melmed. This accumulation can thicken and narrow the bowel’s walls, resulting in intestinal strictures. If the intestine becomes blocked, it may necessitate emergency surgery.

Can Crohn’s disease be cured?

Currently, Crohn’s disease cannot be cured. Historically, before effective treatments were available, many patients had to undergo surgery to tackle inevitable complications, according to Melmed. Fortunately, advancements in treatments over the past decade mean that surgery is now needed far less frequently.

Each person’s journey with Crohn’s will vary. There are several prescription options available that can help manage symptoms and minimize severe complications.

One treatment strategy involves using medications that specifically inhibit certain immune system pathways. Because IBD features an overactive immune response, these medications aim to moderate that reaction, explains Melmed.

Additionally, various anti-inflammatory drugs, biologics, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and antibiotics can be prescribed for Crohn’s, as stated by Mayo Clinic.

Researchers have also begun assessing how specific dietary changes may assist in managing Crohn’s symptoms. Although the exact relationship between diet, microbiome, and immune function is not fully understood, complementary dietary approaches alongside prescribed medications could potentially yield positive results.

Given the diversity of treatment options for Crohn’s, working closely with a healthcare professional is essential to determine the best approach tailored to your needs and preferences.