A recent study has uncovered the influence of DNA on reproductive health, fertility, and even lifespan.
Conducted by researchers from the University of Oxford’s Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and the University of Iceland, the study investigates how genetic differences can account for variations in reproductive wellness and longevity.
This research is the most extensive examination of genetic factors affecting reproductive traits in both males and females to date. It provides fresh understanding of how our genetic makeup impacts the timing of childbirth, menopause, and overall life expectancy.
Key Genes Affecting Reproduction
The researchers utilized the GWAS Catalog, an online tool for Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), to identify 159 studies and 37 significant genes related to reproductive characteristics, such as the age at which one has their first child, menopause onset, and hormones including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. These discoveries indicate that genetic influences are significant both for general health and fertility.
Notably, the gene FSHB (follicle-stimulating hormone subunit beta) was linked to eleven different reproductive outcomes. This gene plays a key role in regulating the initiation of menstruation and the onset of menopause, emphasizing its importance in reproductive health and aging. Moreover, the study highlighted connections between these reproductive genes and rare genetic conditions, underlining the impact of DNA on both fertility and overall health.
Professor Melinda Mills, the study’s lead author and Director at the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and Oxford Population Health’s Demographic Science Unit, stated, “As more individuals postpone parenthood, understanding the genetic determinants of reproductive health and fertility becomes essential. Our research unites findings on reproductive genetics, revealing shared genes across various traits and insights tied to health, body mass index (BMI), obesity, hormone-sensitive cancers, as well as psychiatric and behavioral characteristics.”
Dr. Stefanía Benónísdóttir, the first author and Postdoctoral Researcher at the Leverhulme Centre and University of Iceland, commented, “By consolidating existing research, we provide a clearer understanding of how genetic factors influence reproductive health. This knowledge is vital for improving healthcare, particularly concerning infertility and reproductive aging.”
Links Between Longevity, Cancer, Obesity, and Reproductive Traits
The review delved into the relationships between reproductive genes and longevity, discovering that certain genes, such as ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), link reproductive traits with cancer risks. For instance, early puberty or late menopause may heighten the risk of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer, while these same traits may also correlate with a longer life. Additionally, the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated) has been connected to various reproductive traits, highlighting the important interplay of genes as people increasingly delay parenthood, further intertwining reproductive health and aging.
Male Fertility
While prior studies have primarily addressed female reproductive health, this research also covers what is known about the genetics influencing male fertility. Genes like DNAH2 have been shown to affect both testosterone levels and sperm function, underscoring their importance in male reproductive health.
Co-author Vincent Straub, a DPhil student at the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and Oxford Population Health, remarked, “Male reproductive health is a crucial aspect of overall fertility, yet it is often overlooked. By investigating the genetics behind male infertility, we can gain new insights and explore potential remedies for those facing reproductive issues.”
Genetic Influences Across Generations
The review also looked at how genetic alterations can impact future generations. As parents age, they may accumulate de novo mutations—new, spontaneous genetic changes that can be inherited by their children. These mutations can significantly affect the health and development of their offspring, a finding highlighted by senior co-author Professor Augustine Kong.
This thorough review provides essential insights into how our genetic composition influences reproductive health, fertility, and longevity. It serves as a basis for developing more personalized healthcare approaches that could enhance outcomes for individuals and families over generations.
