Animals and plants are thriving in public squares, which enhances biodiversity and benefits human well-being. Researchers from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) examined the impact of various factors on flora and fauna across 103 locations in Munich. They emphasize the importance of thoroughly assessing local conditions and adopting a nature-centric approach when designing public areas.
Animals and plants also live and thrive on public squares. This creates opportunities for greater biodiversity and well-being for the human population. Researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have studied at 103 locations in Munich how various factors affect flora and fauna. They advocate a close examination of local conditions and a more nature-focused approach to the design of public spaces.
Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining functional ecosystems, as diverse ecological systems are generally more resilient to climate change. Moreover, humans gain direct advantages from living among a variety of plants and animals. Numerous studies have highlighted the positive impacts of biodiversity on human health, mood, and the microbiome, the community of microorganisms residing in our bodies. “In the context of increasing urbanization, it is essential to closely examine how humans and animals coexist in city environments,” says Wolfgang Weisser, a Professor of Terrestrial Ecology at TUM.
Wolfgang Weisser, along with co-authors Andrew J. Fairbairn and Sebastian T. Meyer, investigated biodiversity at 103 public squares in Munich, supported by students and staff. Their study analyzed several factors, including the square’s size, lawn presence, plant and tree growth, artificial lighting, and greenery in the surrounding area within a 1,000-meter radius. The squares ranged from highly paved areas to those resembling parks.
The findings illustrate the significant variability in the types of animals and other organisms inhabiting different spaces in Munich. For instance, at the largely sealed Marienplatz, only 20 species were recorded, comprising just one bird species, one moss species, and various insects and bats. In contrast, Pfrontener Platz—a green area with lawns, bushes, and trees—boasted 156 species, including 21 bird varieties. Johannisplatz, despite being primarily sealed, hosted 118 species due to its trees, hedges, and grassy patches.
More detailed planning needed for plantings
It is evident that an increase in plant life positively influences numerous animal species. This aspect is recognized in current urban planning models. However, the research indicates that the types of lawns, trees, and bushes present can vary significantly in their ability to draw diverse species. To date, urban spaces have primarily been designed with human needs in mind, often overlooking the requirements of wildlife.
Most species in the study benefit from lawns, which provide habitat for soil organisms that serve as food for animals like hedgehogs and birds. Trees and bushes also contribute positively to biodiversity, particularly when integrated with grassy areas. The research team found that while some animals are attracted to the warmth of city centers, others prefer the cooler outskirts, where light pollution is less prevalent.
Consciously planning for the coexistence of humans and animals
Based on these observations, the researchers determined that fostering greater biodiversity is more likely if planners tailor their approaches to local conditions and the needs of various species, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all design. For instance, to attract more bee species, it’s essential to plant not just nectar-producing flowers, but also to create open habitats conducive to nesting and provide materials for building nests—even near city centers, as pollinators thrive in warm environments.
“We recognize that different spaces serve multiple purposes and not every area can undergo major redesigns,” states Wolfgang Weisser. “However, implementing a few strategic measures can lead to significant improvements, fostering positive relationships between people and nature. By incorporating elements that benefit biodiversity into urban planning, we can maximize the potential to enhance not only nature but also our own well-being.”
