Using ‘DNA origami’, scientists have created groundbreaking nanostructures that could lead to advanced robotics for delivering targeted medications. They’ve even crafted a miniature map of Australia and tiny dinosaurs.
Researchers from the University of Sydney Nano Institute have made a remarkable leap in molecular robotics by designing and programming unique nanostructures with DNA origami.
This pioneering technique shows promise for a variety of uses, including targeted drug delivery systems, responsive materials, and energy-efficient optical signal processing. The term ‘DNA origami’ refers to utilizing DNA’s natural folding ability—the fundamental building blocks of life—to create new and beneficial biological structures.
To demonstrate their concept, the researchers successfully constructed over 50 nanoscale items, such as a ‘nano-dinosaur’, a ‘dancing robot’, and a mini-Australia that measures just 150 nanometers wide, which is a thousand times thinner than a human hair.
This research is featured today in the prestigious journal Science Robotics.
Led by Dr. Minh Tri Luu, the first author, along with research team leader Dr. Shelley Wickham, the study centers on crafting modular DNA origami “voxels” that can be put together to form detailed three-dimensional structures. (In contrast to a pixel, which is two-dimensional, a voxel is three-dimensional.)
These programmable nanostructures can be customized for particular tasks, allowing for swift prototyping of various designs. This adaptability is essential for developing nanoscale robots that can perform functions in synthetic biology, nanomedicine, and materials science.
Dr. Wickham, who has a joint position in the Schools of Chemistry and Physics in the Faculty of Science, remarked: “The results are comparable to using Meccano, the toy that encourages engineering, or creating a chain-like cat’s cradle. However, instead of using large metal pieces or string, we leverage nanoscale biology to construct robots with extensive potential.”
Dr. Luu added: “We have developed a new category of nanomaterials with adjustable features, making them applicable for various purposes—from adaptive materials that modify their optical properties in reaction to environmental changes to self-sufficient nanorobots aimed at locating and destroying cancer cells.”
To build the voxels, the team includes additional DNA strands on the surfaces of the nanostructures, with these new strands serving as programmable binding sites.
Dr. Luu explained: “These sites function like colorful Velcro—crafted so that only strands with corresponding ‘colors’ (actually complementary DNA sequences) can connect.”
This innovative technique allows for precise control over how the voxels interconnect, permitting the creation of customizable and highly specialized structures.
One of the most exciting prospects of this technology is the development of nanoscale robotic boxes that can deliver medication precisely to targeted sites in the body. By utilizing DNA origami, researchers can engineer these nanobots to respond to specific biological signals, ensuring that drugs are released only when required. This focused approach could enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies while reducing side effects.
The researchers are also investigating new materials that can alter their properties in response to environmental changes. For example, these materials could be tailored to respond to increased loads or modify their structural features depending on temperature or acidic (pH) levels. Such adaptive materials could revolutionize the fields of medicine, computing, and electronics.
Dr. Wickham noted: “Our work allows us to envision a future where nanobots can undertake a wide array of tasks, ranging from treating human health issues to creating advanced electronic devices.”
The research group is further exploring energy-efficient techniques for processing optical signals, which may enhance image verification technology. By utilizing the distinct properties of DNA origami, these systems could improve the speed and accuracy of optical signal processing, paving the way for advancements in medical diagnostics and security.
Dr. Luu, a postdoctoral researcher in the School of Chemistry, stated: “Our findings demonstrate the extraordinary potential of DNA origami to create adaptable and programmable nanostructures. The capability to design and assemble these components opens new pathways for innovation in nanotechnology.”
Dr. Wickham emphasized: “This research not only showcases the possibilities of DNA nanostructures but also underscores the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration in scientific advancement. We are eager to see how our discoveries can tackle real-world challenges in health, materials science, and energy.”
As scientists work to enhance these technologies, the prospect of creating adaptable nanomachines that can function in complex environments like the human body is becoming increasingly realistic.
