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HomeHealthThe Impact of 'Forever Chemicals' on Brain Development and Function

The Impact of ‘Forever Chemicals’ on Brain Development and Function

Certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are resistant to degradation, which has earned them the nickname “forever chemicals.” They can have harmful effects on health, potentially causing liver damage, obesity, hormonal disruptions, and cancer. A research team from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) has explored how PFAS impact the brain. By utilizing advanced molecular biology techniques alongside the zebrafish model, the researchers uncovered how these substances operate and pinpointed the associated genes, which are also found in humans. The testing method developed at UFZ could serve as a tool for assessing the risks associated with other neurotoxic substances. The findings of their study were recently published in Environmental Health Perspectives.

PFAS are commonly found in a variety of everyday products due to their unique properties, such as heat resistance, water and grease repellence, and exceptional durability. However, these very qualities make PFAS problematic. “Due to their chemical stability, some PFAS accumulate in the environment and can enter our bodies through air, drinking water, and food,” explains UFZ toxicologist Prof. Dr. Tamara Tal. It is nearly impossible to completely avoid these substances, which have been manufactured since the 1950s and encompass thousands of different compounds. “There is a pressing need for research, particularly in creating fast, reliable, and affordable test systems to evaluate the risks of PFAS exposure,” Tal adds. Assessing the environmental and health repercussions of these substances has proven challenging.

In their latest study, the researchers focused on how exposure to PFAS influences brain development. They employed the zebrafish model, a popular choice in toxicology research. One notable benefit of this model is that about 70% of zebrafish genes (Danio rerio) are shared with humans, allowing for the potential transfer of findings to human health. The researchers exposed zebrafish to two PFAS substances (PFOS and PFHxS), which have similar structures. They utilized molecular biology and bioinformatics techniques to examine which genes in the brains of the PFAS-exposed fish larvae were disrupted compared to control fish that were not exposed. “We found heightened activity in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (ppar) gene group in the zebrafish exposed to PFAS; this gene group is slightly modified in humans,” says Sebastian Gutsfeld, a PhD student at UFZ and the study’s lead author. “Previous toxicity studies had indicated this phenomenon in the liver from PFAS exposure, and now we’ve confirmed it in the brain as well.”

But what implications do alterations in ppar gene activity due to PFAS exposure have on the behavior and development of zebrafish larvae? The researchers aimed to explore this by further studies utilizing the zebrafish model. They used the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, often referred to as gene scissors. “Using this method, we could precisely cut out individual or multiple ppar genes and prevent them from functioning correctly,” Gutsfeld explains. “We aimed to identify which ppar genes are directly linked to behavioral changes in larvae following PFAS exposure.” They obtained direct evidence of the mechanisms involved. Unlike normal zebrafish, the genetically modified fish that had gene scissors applied should not exhibit any behavioral changes after PFAS exposure.

The two behavioral endpoints

In a series of experiments, the researchers continuously exposed zebrafish to PFOS or PFHxS during their critical early development stages from days one to four, while in another set of experiments, they only exposed them on day five. On the fifth day, they observed the fish’s swimming behavior. Two different behavioral endpoints were used to measure their reactions. In the first endpoint, they evaluated swimming activity during an extended dark period. The fish exposed to PFAS swam significantly more than those unexposed, whether they had continuous exposure during brain development or only prior to the behavior test. Notably, hyperactive behavior only surfaced when PFAS was present. Once PFOS or PFHxS was removed, the hyperactivity ceased. The second endpoint measured the startle response following a dark stimulus. “Zebrafish exposed to PFOS for four days exhibited hyperactive swimming in response to the stimulus,” says Gutsfeld. However, zebrafish that had only been exposed to PFOS or PFHxS on day five did not show a hyperactive startle response.

Based on these observations, the researchers concluded that exposure to PFOS results in abnormal effects, particularly during critical brain development stages. By using knockdown zebrafish, they identified two genes from the ppar group that are responsible for the behavior changes induced by PFOS.

“Since these genes are also found in humans, it is feasible that PFAS could exert similar effects in people,” Tal concludes. Tal and her team aim to investigate the neuroactive effects of other PFAS in future studies and to enhance the method for evaluating risks related to environmental chemicals, including PFAS.