A recent investigation provides insights into how specific oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the adult brain evolve into gliomas, the most prevalent and untreatable form of brain tumors in adults.
Researchers at the Advanced Science Research Center at the CUNY Graduate Center (CUNY ASRC) have found key information about why certain oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in adults develop into gliomas, which are the most common and incurable brain tumors. Earlier studies identified OPCs as crucial dividing cells in the adult brain that contribute significantly to maintaining brain health, and these cells can also give rise to these tumors.
“OPCs are frequently compared to a double-edged sword, similar to the dual identity of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” explained the study’s lead researcher, Patrizia Casaccia, who is the founding director of the CUNY ASRC Neuroscience Initiative and an Einstein Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at the CUNY Graduate Center. “These cells can facilitate myelin repair by evolving into myelinating oligodendrocytes and have various important roles, such as influencing neuron behavior and interacting with other cell types to ensure proper brain functioning. Conversely, they also have the propensity to develop into gliomas, making them a vital focus for research.”
The research team aimed to discover the molecular factors that enable some OPCs to turn into tumor-forming cells. They introduced specific genetic changes and found that a single mutation in a gene known as Trp53, which typically inhibits tumor growth, wasn’t sufficient to initiate tumor formation in OPCs. However, when this mutation was paired with excess production of a growth factor called platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), the OPCs began to display growth patterns remarkably akin to cancer cells. The study, published in the journal Neoplasia, demonstrated that only those OPCs possessing both the Trp53 mutation and increased PDGF-BB production created tumors after being placed into the brains of healthy mice, whereas those with only the Trp53 mutation did not. This discovery led the researchers to delve deeper into the reasons behind this transformation.
“Further research revealed that the excess of PDGF-BB in Trp53 mutant cells modifies the growth traits of OPCs,” stated Dennis Huang, the first author of the study and a Ph.D. student in the Biology program at the CUNY Graduate Center in Casaccia’s lab. “This modification inhibits their normal development into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes by altering specific histone markers.”
In particular, the researchers noticed elevated levels of H3K27me3 and reduced levels of H4K20me3 histone markers in the nuclei of OPCs exhibiting both the Trp53 mutation and PDGF-BB overproduction, compared to those with just one mutation. These findings underscore the significance of specific epigenetic alterations in facilitating the transformation of OPCs into gliomas. Additionally, they demonstrated that lowering the levels of the H3K27me3 histone marker through pharmacological methods reduced the OPCs’ capacity to proliferate; however, it was insufficient to halt the transformation process. Overall, these results indicate that using a single H3K27me3 inhibitor should be part of a broader therapeutic strategy for managing gliomas.
This crucial discovery suggests that focusing on other histone post-translational modifications could be an effective strategy for developing combination therapies for these currently untreatable brain tumors.