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HomeHealthThe Surprising Link: How Oral Bacteria Can Worsen Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Surprising Link: How Oral Bacteria Can Worsen Rheumatoid Arthritis

Clinical studies indicate that periodontal disease linked with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can worsen the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. To explore this relationship, researchers performed multiple experiments using a mouse model of arthritis. Their results highlight the significant involvement of macrophages and the protein caspase-11, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for RA and other diseases associated with periodontal infections.
Periodontal disease, which impacts the gums and surrounding tissues of the teeth, is among the most common dental issues worldwide. It is primarily caused by the buildup and accumulation of bacterial biofilm around the teeth, and if left untreated, it can ultimately result in tooth loss. Interestingly, the inflammatory effects of these periodontal bacteria can extend beyond oral health, leading to broader systemic consequences. In recent decades, clinical studies have shown a strong connection between the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) and the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a severe autoimmune disorder affecting the joints. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this connection remain largely unexplored.

In a recent study published online on August 15, 2024, in the International Journal of Oral Science, researchers from Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) in Japan aimed to address this knowledge gap through extensive mechanistic studies in an animal model.

Initially, the team conducted preliminary experiments to establish whether A. actinomycetemcomitans infection had an effect on arthritis in mice. To achieve this, they used a mouse model of collagen antibody-induced arthritis, which closely simulates various aspects of RA seen in humans. Their findings indicated that infection with this specific bacterium resulted in increased swelling in the limbs, cell infiltration into the joint lining, and elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the limbs.

Notably, these worsening RA symptoms could be alleviated by administering a chemical agent known as clodronate, which depletes macrophages—certain immune cells. This suggested that macrophages played a role in exacerbating RA triggered by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection.

Further analysis using macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow revealed that A. actinomycetemcomitans infection led to an increase in the production of IL-1β. This, in turn, activated a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which is crucial for initiating and regulating the body’s inflammatory response to infections.

To add another piece to the puzzle, the researchers experimented with mice lacking caspase-11. In these mice, inflammasome activation induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans was suppressed. Most importantly, those deficient in caspase-11 showed less worsening of arthritis symptoms, suggesting that caspase-11 plays a significant role in this context. “Our research findings provide new insights into the link between periodontal pathogenic bacteria and the worsening of arthritis through inflammasome activation, providing crucial information about the long-standing debate surrounding the connection between periodontal disease and systemic diseases,” stated Professor Toshihiko Suzuki, one of the leading authors of the study.

Hopefully, these insights will aid in developing new therapeutic strategies for managing RA. “The results of this research could lead to advancements in clinical treatments for RA triggered by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. We propose that inhibiting inflammasome activation might reduce inflammation spreading to the joints, leading to improvement in arthritis symptoms,” explained lead author Dr. Tokuju Okano. “Furthermore, the findings from our study could also help formulate treatment strategies not only for arthritis but also for other systemic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, which is likewise associated with periodontal bacteria,” he envisions for the future.