Using advanced X-ray imaging to observe spine movements during neck exertion tasks, researchers found that prolonged neck strain can cause muscle fatigue, which in turn worsens cervical spine curvature and results in neck pain.
In today’s world, tasks like learning languages, sending emails, attending online classes, or connecting with loved ones across the globe can all be done at the touch of a button on a smartphone. However, this convenience has come at the cost of increased neck pain. A rise in sedentary lifestyles and extended use of handheld devices and computers has led to a notable increase in cervical discomfort.
While it’s long been suspected that fatigue in neck muscles can lead to pain, the specific mechanical alterations in the spine and muscles that lead to weakness were previously unclear.
Researchers at Texas A&M University, employing advanced X-ray imaging, have established that continuous neck exertion leads to muscle fatigue, which subsequently increases cervical spine curvature and contributes to neck pain.
The findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“We are discussing subtle movements of the neck while holding certain positions, which are challenging to document. These movements are intricate due to the numerous components, or ‘motion segments’, within the neck,” explained Dr. Xudong Zhang, a professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. “Our study provides definitive proof for the first time that fatigue causes mechanical changes, raising the risk of pain.”
Zhang noted that this insight can guide future work habits and the design of products, like head-mounted devices, aimed at reducing the risk of neck pain.
Neck Pain Prevalence
Neck pain ranks as one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, affecting approximately 2,500 people out of every 100,000 worldwide. Projections suggest a 32.5% rise in neck pain cases globally by 2050. One key contributor to neck pain is poor posture maintained over extended periods. Long hours spent in front of a computer or excessive use of smart devices significantly add to the problem.
The position of the neck is maintained dynamically by the spinal bones, which are held in place by attached muscles. While the neck is quite flexible, it is inherently unstable.
“Muscles initiate movement by generating force,” Zhang stated. “We theorized that when different muscles reduce their force capabilities, the position of the bones shifts, and this change can be detected.”
Measuring Muscle Fatigue
To explore their hypothesis, they gathered healthy participants for a “sustained-till-exhaustion” neck exertion task. Participants were asked to hold their necks in neutral, 40° extended (leaning backward), and 40° bent forward positions for specified durations. Researchers measured muscle electrical activity using electromyography (EMG) to objectively assess muscle fatigue through changes in EMG signal frequency. Additionally, they utilized high-precision dynamic X-ray technology to observe minute cervical spine movements of just a few degrees.
“We visualized the cervical spine like a cantilever bridge,” Zhang explained. “Excessive or repetitive stress could cause the bridge to sag or buckle; likewise, when the muscles become exhausted, the cervical spine might shift.”
The study confirmed that prolonged exertion results in EMG signals indicative of fatigue. From a biomechanical perspective, muscle fatigue alters the mechanics of the spine, increasing the likelihood of injury.
Future Research Directions
As a follow-up, the researchers plan to create dynamic biomechanical models, a new approach that aims to offer a more accurate understanding of the muscle activities that lead to fatigue. Unlike the static assumptions of the current study, the dynamic model will capture important subtle changes in both muscles and bones over time.