Researchers at Duke-NUS Medical School have discovered a new type of light-sensitive proteins that can be used to deactivate brain cells using light. This finding provides scientists with a highly effective tool for studying brain function. The study, which was published in Nature Communications, presents new possibilities for using optogenetics to explore the brain activity associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders like Parkinson’s disease and depression.Genetics involves modifying cells to include light-sensitive proteins, enabling researchers to control their electrical activity. These modified neurons and nerve cells can be used to examine their role in brain circuits and behaviors. The study demonstrated that certain potassium channels called kalium channelrhodopsins can effectively regulate brain-cell activity in fish, worms, and flies. Dr. Stanislav Ott, a Senior Research Fellow at Duke-NUS’ Neuroscience, was part of the team.The lead researcher of the Behavioural Disorders Programme and study’s main author explained, “The potassium channels function as small gates on cell membranes. When they are exposed to light, these gates open and permit the passage of potassium ions, which helps to reduce the activity in the brain cells. This discovery provides us with valuable new information about the regulation of brain activity.”
Potassium ions play a crucial role in the normal electrical function of all human cells. Potassium channels are specialized proteins found in cell membranes that enable the movement of potassium ions. They control the movement of potassium ions across the cell membrane to support various cellular processes, and are crucial for the overall health and function of cells.Nerve-impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cellular-fluid balance maintenance are all important functions of the body.
According to Associate Professor Adam Claridge-Chang from Duke-NUS’ Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, the new potassium channels are a versatile and valuable tool for studying how the brain functions.
When exposed to light, the new kalium channelrhodopsins allow potassium ions to exit a neuron, altering the electrical gradient across the membrane. This alteration, known as hyperpolarisation, makes it challenging for the nerve to transmit impulses.The neuron produces the electrical signal called an action potential. When action potentials are not present, a neuron’s ability to communicate with other cells is significantly reduced or even stopped.
The use of light-sensitive potassium channels to silence brain cells presents new opportunities for studying the complex relationships between various brain regions. It also provides a promising method for investigating the disease mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders. These tools will assist researchers in gaining a better understanding of the brain and developing more effective treatments for brain disorders.
Professor Patrick Tan, Senior Vice-Dean for Research at Duke-NUS, expressed that unraveling the enigmas of the brain is still a significant hurdle for science. The research conducted by Adam Claridge-Chang and his team provides scientists with improved resources to examine the complex interactions within the human brain. This is crucial for enhancing our comprehension of both normal brain functions and neurological disorders. Such understanding will lead to the development of effective treatments for these conditions.
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The research is part of the ongoing efforts to advance the understanding of neurological and psychiatric conditions.
