Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have developed a new type of cell, named Co-STAR (Co-stimulatory Synthetic T-cell receptor and Antigen Receptor), using genetic engineering techniques to recognize and combat cancer.
To create Co-STAR cells, the researchers combined genetic components from four different types of cells found in the body: T-cell receptors (TCRs) from T cells, antibodies from B cells, MyD88 from monocytes, and CD40 from dendritic and other cells. This new cell type acts as a powerful defense mechanism against cancer, with the TCR and antibodies identifying cancer cells as foreign invaders, while MyD88 and CD40 components enhance the immune response.
Lab studies showed that Co-STARs effectively targeted and fought against human cancer cells in both test tubes and mice. The findings of this research were published in Science Translational Medicine.
Lead study author Brian Mog, M.D., Ph.D., explained that current T cell-based therapies have limitations, and the combination of TCR and CAR technologies could overcome these challenges.
The researchers aimed to target specific antigens known as peptide-HLA antigens, particularly a peptide containing the R175H mutation of the p53 protein, which is commonly found in cancer cells. Traditional CAR formats were unable to detect such low levels of these antigens, prompting the need for a new cell type.
After multiple rounds of engineering and testing in cancer cell models, Co-STAR T cells demonstrated potent and long-lasting antitumor effects, leading to significant tumor regression and even elimination in mouse models of cancer. This success surpassed the performance of conventional T cells and CAR T cells.
Co-senior investigator Bert Vogelstein, M.D., acknowledged the promising results of the Co-STAR T cells in effectively combating cancer in mice. The study highlights the potential of Co-STARs in addressing challenges faced by current T cell-based therapies, emphasizing the need for further research into this innovative approach.
Lead researcher Brian Mog expressed his surprise at the remarkable efficacy of Co-STARs in curing cancer in mice, marking a pivotal moment in the study. The success of this new cell type opens up exciting possibilities for future cancer treatments.
