Cell membranes have a crucial role in maintaining cell integrity and function, yet the exact mechanisms are not entirely known. Researchers have utilized cryo-electron microscopy to study how lipids and proteins interact at the plasma membrane in response to mechanical stress. This research has shown that under different conditions, small regions of the membrane can stabilize various lipids, triggering specific cellular responses. These findings confirm the presence of well-organized lipid domains and shed light on their significance for cell survival.
Cell membranes are vital for cell integrity and function. Researchers from the University of Geneva, Institut de biologie structurale de Grenoble, and the University of Fribourg have used cryo-electron microscopy to observe how lipids and proteins at the plasma membrane respond to mechanical stress. This study, published in Nature, highlights the role of lipid domains in cell survival.
Cells are enclosed by the plasma membrane, a barrier that must be both flexible and sturdy. The properties of membranes are determined by lipids and proteins, which adapt to the external environment. This adaptability is crucial for membrane function, balancing tension and flexibility. Cells likely sense changes in the plasma membrane through microregions called microdomains, which contain specific lipids and proteins.
Utilizing Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Researchers led by Robbie Loewith at the UNIGE Faculty of Science are studying how membrane components interact to optimize biophysical properties for cell growth and survival.
By using cryo-electron microscopy, the team can observe membranes in their natural state. This technique involves freezing samples at -200°C to preserve the membrane structure for electron microscopy.
The researchers focused on eisosomes, protein-coated membrane microdomains in baker’s yeast. Eisosomes may sequester or release proteins and lipids to help cells respond to membrane damage through unknown processes.
Translating Mechanical Signals into Chemical Signals
The researchers discovered that mechanical stimuli alter the lipid organization within eisosomes. When the protein lattice of eisosomes is stretched, the lipid arrangement changes, likely releasing signaling molecules to activate stress adaptation mechanisms.
This study provides insights into the conversion of mechanical stress into biochemical signals through protein-lipid interactions, revealing a detailed molecular mechanism.
This research paves the way for further exploration of membrane compartmentalization and its role in enabling cells to respond to various stressors by activating communication pathways.
